形容词副词

形容词副词在句中的位置


一、a.形容词对名词起修饰或限定作用。一般说来,形容词放在所修饰名词的前面。单个的现在分词、过去分词以及动名词作定语,都是放在所修饰名词(或代词)的前面。(这些称为前置定语)例如:
    a red flower     an interesting story
    a retired worker   a waiting room
  b.两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词,作前置定语,其形容词的排列顺序,如下表所示:

代名形容词

数量形容词

性  状  形  容  词

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

冠词
前形容词

冠词指示所有不定





性质
状态

大小
长短
形状

新旧
温度




名词
动名词

all
both
such
what

the
your
this

first
third
next

one
two

kind
fine
good

large
small
big

old
new
young

red
blue
green

Chinese

iron
brick
stone

boy
fish-
ing

记忆诀窍

前置、冠词、不所指,数词、性质、状态词;
大小、形状、新温度,色国、材料、动名词。

例:the first two children
  that very well-mannered young child
  that warm red silk dress
  a freezing New England winter
  all the six strong young American boy student

 c.▲ 不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语只能放在所修饰的名词(或代词)的后面,这些称为后置定语。
  ▲ 凡是可以用作表语的形容词都可以作后置定语(这里主要指的是以a开头的形容词,如:asleep,alive,alone…)
  ▲ 由any,every,no,some构成的复合代词,修饰它们的形容的要后置。
  ▲ matter和thing(用复数形式)表示笼统意义,不具体指某种东西时,修饰它们的形容词也常后置。例:
    I like things thereotical  我喜欢理论的东西。
    things dramatic   matter personal
  ▲ 有的形容词即可以前置,也可以后置,但意义不一样。例如:
    proper 前置表示“适当的”;后置则表示“本身,本部”
    left  前置表示“左边的”;后置则表示“剩下的”。
  ▲ 一般用作后置定语形容词有:
    present 出席的,在场的   concerned 有关的
    involved 有关的,牵涉进去的   elect 当选的
  二、多个副词作修饰语时,排列顺序如下:
  ▲ 地点+状态(方法)+时间
    I drove downtown quickly this morning.
  ▲ 单位较小者+单位较大者
    I'll call on you at ten o'clock next Wennesday.
  ▲ 副词+副词短语
    We arrived safely at the station.

形容词副词的比较等级


一、a.形容词的比较级,最高级的构成,绝大部分的单音节词和部分双音节词都是在原级后面加-er或-est。
  b.少数单音节词,特别是分词形容词用加more或most构成。
   real tired pleases tupid fit
  c.以a开头的形容词的比较级或最高级也是加more或most构成。
   afraid  alike
  d.形容词副词比较级,最高级的特殊构成见初中教材。

二、比较的对象
  在使用形容词、副词的比较时,首先你要弄清楚你要比较的对象是什么。因为than引导的是一个比较状语从句,必须由一个成分与主句中某一成分相对应而构成比较对象。由于从句往往是一个省略的句子,因此出的错误也就最多。
a.主语比较,从句一般保留主语。
 John is more stupid than Bob.
 The Changjiang River is longer than the Yellow River.
 The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
 This book is better than that one.
b.如果是不同的时间相比较,而这种时间又不是通过谓语动词的时态表现的,要保留句中的谓语动词或助动词。
 He is feeling better than he was.
 Bob was more serious than he had been.
c.如果是状语部分相比较,只保留从句中的状语部分即可。
 It is colder in Beijing than in Shanghai.
 The news was more surprising to the teachers than to the students.
d.如果从句中表示比较的成分是动词不定式,可一只保留一个动词不定式符号。
 She read more books than I had expected her to (read).
 He does more exercises than we manage to (do).
 如果这个动词不定式是to be,通常不省略。
 Mary was more beautiful than I had imagned her to be.
e.如果宾语之间的相比较,从句中保留宾语,注意不要和主语比较相混淆。
 He is more afraid of Bob than me.
 =He is more afraid of Bob than he is afaid of me.
 He is more afraid of Bob than I.
 =He is more afraid of Bob than I'm afraid of Bob.

三、比较的范围及等级
  在两者之间进行比较,用比较级;三者以上之间进行比较用最高级。从比较的方法上讲,可分为:优等比较,同等比较,劣等比较,最高级比较。
  优等比较:直接说明一种人或事物比另一种人或事物怎么样,称为“油灯比较”。
  Our classroom is larger than yours.
  其结构是:形容词(副词)比较级+than+比较对象
同等比较:说明两个人或事物在某方面相同或不同,称为“同等比较”在同等比较中,不用形容词(副词)的比较级或最高级,只用原级。
  This on is as good as that one.
  This one isn't so good as that one.
  其结构是:肯定句:as+原级形容词(副词)+as+比较对象
  否定句:not+so+原级形容词(副词)+as+比较对象
  优等与同等的混合比较:时讲优等比较与同等比较溶在一起进行比较。
  John plays football as well as,if not better than David.
  劣等比较:说明一种人或事物不如另一种人或事物怎么样,教“劣等比较”。在口语中,多采用同等比较的否定形式来表示。
  It is less hot today than it was yesterday.
  其结构一般是:less+形容词(副词)+than+比较对象
  最高级比较:是在三者以上的人或事物进行比较,表示其中一个最甚,用最高级。
  That was the happiest day of his life.
  He is the oldest man in the village.
                      ┏of+具体数目或时间 
其结构是:the+形容词(副词)的最高级+┣in+单位(地点)
                   ┗定语从句
  暗含比较:这种比较没有明显的比较对象,而是在句子中或段落的情景中暗含比较的对象。

四、用比较级表示最高级及倍数问题
  比较级+than+any other+名词(单数)
  He is taller than any other strdent in his class.=He is the taller any other student in his class.
  比较级+than+all other+名词(复数)
  He does better than all other boys here.
  比较级+than+(any of)+the other+名词(复数)
  He is taller than(any of)the other students in his class.
  比较级+than+(any of)+the others
  He is taller than any of the others.
  比较级+than+anyone(anybody,anything)+else
  He is taller than anyone else in his class.
  No one(Nobody,Nothing)+…+比较级+than+…
  No one is taller than he in his class.
  No one can be more hit for his office than he is.
  No one(Nobody,Nothing)+…+so(as)+原级+as+…
  No one is so tall as he.
关于倍数问题
  几倍+times+比较级+than  …比…几倍
  The house is twice larger than that one.
  This house is three times larger than that one.
  (几倍+1)+times+as+原级+as  …比…几倍或是…的几倍+1
  The house is three times as large as that one.(大两倍或是三倍)
  (几倍+1)+times+the size of…
  The house is three times the size of that one.
  分数+of+…
  That house is one third of this one.

五、其他表示比较的结构
1.Would rather do sth. than do sth.  与其说…宁可…
 He would rather beg in the street than get money in such a dishonest way.
 他与其说用这种不诚实的方法赚钱,他宁可在街上乞讨。
2.prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.愿意做…而不愿意做…
 I prefer to work rather than wander about.
3.more A than B   与其说是B不如说是A
 注意:more后接形容词、副词、动词、或名词,并注意其汉,英的位置。
 It is more blue than green.
 He is more a historian than a writer.
 =He is a historian rather than a writer.
4.The more…,the more…  越…,越…
 类似表达:The more…,the less…
      The less…,the more…
      The sooner…,the better…
5.no more…than=not…any more than  和…一样地不…
 He is more diligent than you.
 He is not diligent any more than you.
6.not more…than=less…than=not so…as…  不如…
 He is not more diligent than you.
 He is less diligent than you.
 He is not so diligent as you.
六、关于as…as与more than互换的问题
  A+比较级+than+B=B+not+so+原级+as+A
 He is taller than I.
 =I am not so tall as he.
 I study harder than Li Ming.
 =Li Ming doesn't study so hard as I. 
注:less…than与not so(as)…as的意思一样,但不及后者使用的地方多。
 I am not so tall as he.
 I am less tall than he.
 He is taller than I.
在as…as或more than结构中出现名词时,通常将名词至于比较级结构中,但也可以将名词至于比较结构之前。
 I haven't seen as old a car as this for years.
 =I haven't seen a car as old as this for years.
 I can't drink as sweet coffee as this.
 =I can't drink coffee as sweet as this.
 The slaves were given worse food than that for their  master's dogs.
 The slaves were given food worse than that for their master's dogs.
注:1.如果比较级结构中有more,much,many,less等限定词,名词只能放在比较结构中。
   Our neighbours have a much larger house than ours.
   There is much less difficulty than I thought.
  2.如果比较结构是as much of a…than, as many(of)…as,more of a …as,less of a…than,等形式时,也只能放在比较结构中。
   It was as much of a success as I had hoped.
   He is more of a sportman than his brother.
   He is less of a fool than I thought he was.
   We can let you have as many copies as you need.

七、比较级的修饰语问题
 a.修饰结构
 nearly,almost,just,exactly,twice,(three) times,not nearly,not half,by no means,quite等,其位置无一例外的置于 as…as结构前。
 b.修饰more than结构
 far,ever,many,much,by far,still,a lot,no,a (little) bit, rather,considerably,slightly,(three)times,not any,a great deal等修饰语一般放在more than结构之前。另外,表示量度等名词词祖也可以修饰它。例:
This box is twenty pounds heavier than that one.
 c.by+数词用作状语,表示双方相差的数量,一般放在more than结构后。
 He is taller than I by an inch.
 He is two inches taller than I.
 d.修饰最高级
 by far,much,easily,nearly,almost,not quite,not really,by no means,next,second,third,yet,ever,but one等,这些修饰语在句子中的位置各有不同,可前,可后,可中。

八、关于副词修饰介词短语问题
  副词修饰介词短语多用于修饰表示地点和时间的介词短语。说明程度上的深度、范围的大小,或用来加强语气。常见的副词有:
  all,well,right,just,far,rather,almost,dead等。
  He is far behind me.他远远落在我的后面。
  I can't reach it, it's well above my head.这个我够不着,它高出我头很多。
  It passes right through the body.它(液汁)径直流过体内。
  I was almost in rags.我几乎是衣衫褴褛。
  He sent a message to his comrades all over the country.
  He was strongly against slavery.他强烈反对奴隶制度。
  Jane is rather like mary.简相当像玛丽。
  She came just before dinner.就在晚饭前她来了。
  His parents are dead against his marriage.
  他的父母坚决反对他们的婚事。

常见形容词副词用法

enough 
  1.(adv.)修饰形容词或另一副词,位置一定要放在所修饰词之后。
  2.(adj.)通常位于被修饰的名词前,也可以后置。
  3.(n.)表示“足够”。
even adv.
  1.“甚至”,“即使”,“连…都”,表示强调,其位置于它所强调的词前。
  Even a child can understand this.
  This morning he had not even come to see them off.
  It was cold even in Auguest.
  2.和比较级连用,“比…更…”,“比…还要…”
even (adv.)
  用于疑问句,条件句,否定句时,作“曾经”或“一旦有机会的时候”讲,也可以用于比较级或最高级中,用在疑问句之后,表示“到底,究竟”。
faily,rather (adv.)
  faily常和贬义词连用,而rather却和贬义词连用,有时也可以和某些褒义词连用如:good,clever,well,pretty,此时表示“very”。
rather用在比较级前,意为a little或slightly它可以和too连用也可以放在不定冠词a(an)的前后均可。但faily只能位于不定冠词之后。
just (adv.)
  1.“恰好”,“正好”位于助动词之后,无助动词时,位于主要动词前,be动词后,但在修饰名词时,要放在the前,例:
  This coat is just the right size.
  2.有时与only连用表示“刚好”,“刚刚”。例:
  Are you only just up ?
  3.直接放在形容词前,表示“太”,“真”,加强语气。
  This food is just wonderful.
  (adj.)表示“公正的”,“公平的”,“正直的”。
much (adv.)
  1.常用来修饰动词、过去分词、个别形容词。
  2.和形容词或副词的比较级和最高级连用,表示“…得多”,“最最”。
  注意:much要置于the之前。例:This is much the most difficult.
most (adv.)
  1.和形容词或副词构成最高级形式,“最”的意思。如果形容词后面有名词,则加the,反之不加。也可以和动词连用表示最。
  2.和a连用表示“非常”。 It is a most joyful occasion.
  3.和形容词一起作表语,表示“非常”。例:She has been most anxious for your return for a long time .
  4.和副词一起作状语,表示“非常”。例:I do thank you mostwarmly for doing this job for me.
mostly (adv。)
  大多数,大部分,主要地。
once (adv.)
  用于肯定句中,作“曾经”,“一度”解;置于句末作“一次”奖;用于条件状语从句中,它是连词,作“一旦”解。
quite (adv.)
  1. “只”、“仅”一般靠近动词,如果强调某一部分,也可以将其位于它所修饰的词。only所修饰的副词、副词短语或状语从句如果位于句首,主句要用倒装语序;only引导一个分句位于句首,分句要倒装。
  2.一般用来修饰那些不同程度的副词(very,extremely等)修饰的形容词,意思是“完全地”,“很”,“非常”起加强语气的作用。
  如果用来修饰那些通常可以被各种程度副词所修饰的形容词和副词时,意思是“颇”,“还算”,其减弱语气的作用。但在口语中,作“相当”,“很”讲时等于(rather,very)用,在not quite so…as结构中等于“a little less …than”比¨稍微…点。例:
  She is not quite so tall as he.
  =She is a little less tall than he.
  =She is a little shorter than he.
  (adj.)作形容词修饰名词,常和the连用,不能用a(an),意为“唯一的”。
still,yet (adv.)
  still多用于肯定句中,也可以用于否定句、疑问句。说明一般时态的位于动词,表示同意状态的延续,因此,所修饰的动词尝试状态动词。在否定句中,置于否定助动词前。余额可以作为程度副词,修饰比较级,表示“更加”,“越发”,此外still quite=very。
  still作形容词用时,表示“静止”,“安静”;不能用于心理上的,只能用于物理上的安静。
  yet是时间副词,常用于现在完成时,表示预期要发生的动作,所修饰的动词常是瞬间动词,句子多时否定句或疑问句,其位置多在句末。
  They have not started yet.
  They still lived there then.
  Is your father still living?
too(adv.)有两种不同的意义和用法。
  1.作“也”讲,一般放在句末,只能用于肯定句。
  2.作“太”讲,用以修饰形容词或副词,在其前面还可以有修饰语。
  much too与too much都表示“太”,“过分”
  much too用来修饰后面的形容词或副词。
  too much可以跟不可数名词。一般作表语,表示“受不了”,“吃不消”,口语中常用于“too much for sb.” 例:
  This task is too much for me.
very
  1.(adv.)用来修饰原级形容词或副词,“很”“非常”之意,不能直接用来修饰动词,还可以修饰那些失去动词意义、形式上是过去分词的形容词,以及由及物动词变成的现在分词。
  2.与形容词副词的最高级或与first,last等连用时,表示加强语气,但要注意,very的位置,如只能是the very best的这种结构。
  3.(adj.)用来修饰名词,加强语气;“正好”“恰恰”;注意在very之前往往有the,that,this等限定词。例:
  She determined to go that very afternoon.
  very不能修饰:①a开头的形容词;②形容词副词的比较级;③too+形容词或副词;④不能代替too…to,so…that结构中的too和so;⑤不出现在感叹句中。
almost,nearly(adv.)
  almost强调差一点;nearly通常表示接近。在every alaways之类的词或否定的动词之前,可以互换。在具体的事件或数字前也可互换;但常见nearly。
  almost可与no,none,nothing,never连用,nearly不行。
  almost不能与not一词连用,而应改成hardly。
  not与nearly连用,意思是“远非”“相差很远”等于by no means,for from。
though
  作副词时,表示“可是,不过,然而,虽然如此”,常放在句末。
  I wish you had told me,though.
dead,deadly(adv.)
  前者强调“完全地”,后者强调“死一般地”“非常”。
  This is dead certain.(completely)
  He was deadly tired.(extremely)
deep,deeply(adv.)
  意思都是“深深地”“深切地”,deep常用于具体的深度;deeply常用于引喻,表示程度,有时等于“非常地”,常用于修饰形容词或过去分词。
high,highly(adv.)
  high表示位置。
  highly表示程度(常和pleased,skilled等词连用,等于very)。
late,lately(adv.)
  late是early的反义词;lately近来(=recently)。
farther,further(adv.或adj.)
  father“距离更远的”,表示实际的空间和时间上的距离,further常用于引申和抽象的意义,表示程度“更进一步的,更深层的”。
whole,wholly
  前这是形容词,后者是副词。whole在修饰单数名词时,其前面有定冠词或物主代词, 表示“全部的,全体的,所有的”;如果修饰复数名词,或修饰单数名词,且前有不定冠词时,表示“整整的”“不少于…”。
  He has been there for a whole year.
  It snows three whole days.
  wholly(adv.)完全地,全部地,统统
wide,widely(adv.)
  wide表示“广阔地”
  He likes to travel far and wide.
  Open your mouth wide.
  widely表示“广泛地”
  He is widely known.  

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