定语从句

定语从句是句子的一部分，由关系代词或关系副词引导，用于修饰它前面的先行词。
eg : I spoke to the woman who owns the hotel .
先行词 定语从句
Did you see the letter that came this morning .
先行词 定语从句
Is that the hospital where you had your operation ?
先行词 定语从句
（一）关系代词：
关系代词的作用：
1. 引导定语从句，使它和主句连接起来；
2. 在定语从句中代替前面的先行词；
3. 在定语从句中充当一个句子成分。
关系代词通常紧随被其修饰的先行词后面，在从句中一般作主语、宾语、定语等。
关系代词who , whom , whose：
（1）who用于人，在定语从句中作主语：
eg :  The man who interviewed me was very nice .
 What was the name of the man who telephoned you ?
（2）who在定语从句中作动词宾语，可以省略。但who不能作介词宾语。
eg :  Mary is the girl（who）we met last night .
 He was the person（who）everyone liked .
（3）whom用于人，在定语从句中作动词宾语，可以省略。
eg :  Mary is the girl（whom）we met last night .
 He was the person（whom）everyone liked .
（4）whom在定语从句中作介词宾语，不能省略。但如果把介词放在定语从句的末尾，whom可以省略。
eg :  The people with whom I stayed were very kind .
也可以说：The people（whom）I stayed with were very kind .
 The woman from whom I borrowed the money is a good friend of mine .
（5）whose主要用于人，在定语从句中作定语。
eg :  I’ve got a friend whose mother is a teacher .
 They are the people whose house caught fire .
注意不要把whose与who’s搞混了，who’s是who is or who has的缩写形式。
 I’ve got a friend who’s at university . （= who is at university .）
关系代词which , that：
（1）which用于事或物，在定语从句中可以作主语和动词宾语。
eg :  The keys which were on this table have disappeared .
 What’s happened to the money which was on my desk ?
 This is the ship which we built .
（2）which可以做介词宾语。但在口语中，人们常把介词放在定语从句的末尾，省略which。
eg :  That’s the town in which he was born .
也可以说：That’s the town（which）he was born in .
 The chair on which I was sitting broke .
也可以说：The chair（which）I was sitting on broken .
（3）关系代词that可以代替who指人，可以代替which指事或物，用于人、物或事，在定语从句中一般可以作主语和动词宾语。
eg :  He is the man that（who）painted my house .
 What is the name of the boy that（who , whom）you telephoned ?
 The car that（which）was stolen has now been found .
（4）that在定语从句中不能作介词宾语。但是可以把介词放在定语从句的末尾，that可以省略。
可以说：The woman that you spoke to is John’s mother .
可以说：The woman you spoke to is John’s mother .
不能说：The woman to that you spoke is John’s mother .
（5）that的其他用法：
<1>序数词或形容词最高级或any , only , very等修饰先行词时，用that。
 This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen .
 He is the only person that I trust .
 The last woman that arrived there was a teacher .
<2>先行词为all , everything , nothing , something , anything , little时，用that。
eg :  There’s nothing（that）you can do for me .
 I’ve got everything（that）you need .
 Please tell me all that you know !
 There is little that I can understand .
<3>在以who开头的疑问句中，如果还要用关系代词引导定语从句，最好用that。
eg :  Who is the man that is standing in our classroom ?
<4>先行词既是人又是物时，一般用that来引导定语从句。
eg :  We were talking about the students and the school that we had visited when the teacher came in . 
［难点说明］
（1）关系代词在定语从句中作主语不可以省略：
eg :  Mary is the girl who invited us to the party .
不能说：Mary is the girl invited us to the party .
 Have you seen the book that was on this table ?
不可以说：Have you seen the book was on the table .
（2）关系代词在定语从句中充当一个句子成分，这一成分就不能在句中重复。
eg :  I spoke to the woman who owns the hotel .
不可以说：I spoke to the woman who she owns the hotel .
 The book which I received was from my mother .
不可以说：The book which I received it was from my mother .
（3）定语从句中的动词必须与先行词在数方面保持一致关系，如果先行词是单数，动词用单数，如果先行词是复数，动词就用复数。
eg :  I know a person who is afraid of the dark .
 I know many people who are afraid of the dark .
（4）当one of the + 复数名词为先行词时，定语从句中的谓语动词用复数，当the only one of the + 复数名词为先行词时，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。
eg :  He is one of the students who know the answer .
 He is the only one of the students who knows the answer .
 She is one of the workers who are never late .
 She is the only one of the workers who is never late . 
（二）关系副词：
1. 定语从句可以由关系副词when , where或why引导。
when在定语从句中作时间状语；where在定语从句中作地点状语；why在定语从句中作原因状语。
eg : Is there a time when we can meet ?
The factory where I work is going to close down .
Is there a reason why you want to leave now ?
2. 在day / time / year等词后面可以用that代替when , that可以省略。
Do you still remember the day（that）you joined the League ?
Is there a time we can meet ?
I stay at home on the days that I am not busy .
He was the only friend I made during the two years that I was at college .
3. 介词which可以代替where , when , why：
That’s the town in which（= where）he was born .
The hotel at which（where）we stayed was very small .
That day on which（= when）I met the leaders of our country was the greatest of my life .
4. 在reason后面可以用that代替why , that可以省略。
This is the reason（that）he was late .
Is there a reason（that）you want to leave now ? 
［难点说明］
关系代词或关系副词的选择，要根据它在从句中充当的成分来定，如它在从句中充当状语，用关系副词，如果它在从句中充当主语、宾语，用关系代词，如：
This is the school which I visited last year .（which在从句中作宾语，故不能用关系副词where。）
This is the school where I studied for three years .
（where在从句中作状语，故不能用关系代词which。）
Put the desk in the room which I’ll show you .
Put the desk in the room where I live .
（三）非限制性定语从句：
限制性定语从句要对它的先行词加以意思上的限制，使其意思明确，不是泛指的有别于其它。
非限制性定语从句用于补充说明先行词，没有从句不影响主句的意思的完整明确。非限制定语从句一般用逗号与主句分开。
Last weekend I met Sue , who told me she was going on holiday soon .
She gave me the key , which I put in my pocket .
We visited a town called Christ Church , where we had lunch in an Italian restaurant .
We’re going on holiday in September , when the weather isn’t so hot .
同一个句子，同一个先行词，限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句赋予先行词以不同的含义。
My uncle who runs a grocery store is not here .
（我那个开杂货店的叔叔不在这里。）
My uncle , who runs a grocery store , is not here .
（我的叔叔开杂货店，他不在这里。）
2. who , whom或whose可以引出非限制性定语从句，用于人；which引出的非限制性定语从句用于物；that不可以用来引出非限制性定语从句，关系代词在非限制性定语从句中不可以省略。
The train , which was already an hour late , broke down again .
Tom , who had been driving all day , was tried and wanted to sleep .
Mr. Smith , whose headache was now much worse , put down the receiver without answering .
She’s studying chemistry , about which I know very little .
Mr. Jones , to whom I was talking a moment ago , is a teacher at Ann’s school .
3. where , when可以引出非限制性定语从句。
I stopped in GuangZhou , where my sister owns a shop .
The Summer Palace, where we spend the summer every year , is beautiful .
Sunday is a holiday , when people do not go to work .
We will put off the picnic until next week , when weather may be better .
4. which在非限制性定语从句中可以修饰全句：
eg : She refuses to use machines , which makes her work more difficult .（which = the fact that she refuses to use machines .）
He offered to help me , which was very kind of him .
（which = the fact that he offered to help me .）
  5. some of / many of / much of / more of / all of e + c + which / whom可以引导非限制性定语从句。
eg : A number of my friends , some of whom you have met before , will be at the party .
He gave me a lot of advice , much of which was very useful .
I saw several houses , most of which were expensive . 
［难点说明］
关系代词that不可以引导非限制性定语从句，只能用which。
eg : Mr. White didn’t get a seat on his train this morning , which caused him to be rude to his partner .
不可以说：Mr. White didn’t get a seat on his train this morning , that caused him to be rude his partner .
We lit a fire , which soon dried out our clothes .
不可以说：We lit a fire , that soon dried out our clothes .
（四）关系代词as：
as可以用于限制性定语从句，也可以用于非限制性定语从句。
1. 在限制性定语从句中as多和such或the same连用。
Such people as know Tom（= Those people who knew Tom）though he was funny .
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells .
He is not such a fool as he looks .
He doesn’t believe the same thing as you do .
This is the same thing as you are in need of .
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，as与which一样在非限制性定语从句中用来指先行句，在从句中充当宾语。
eg : Mr. Smith was elected the chairman of the department as we had hoped .
He was a foreigner , as I knew from his accent .
3. 在非限制性定语从句中，as可以修饰整个主句，在从句中充当主语。
He is absent , as is often the case .
As was expected , he was successful .
He is a teacher , as is clear from his manner .
有很多这类的as从句，已成为固定的句式，它们一般位于句首：
As often happens…这经常发生……
As has been said before…以前都说过……
As is well known to all…众所周知……
As can be seen…看的出来……
  As might be expected…可以预料到的…… 
［难点说明］
as引导的定语从句与as引导的状语从句的区别在于在定语从句中的as作关系代词，状语从句中的as作连词：
He is a teacher , as is clear from his manner .（定语从句）
He is a teacher , as it is clear from his manner .（状语从句）
As is known to the world , Mark Twain is a great American writer .（定语从句）
As it is known to the world , Mark Twain is a great American writer .（状语从句）
 
笔试部分：
一. Complete the sentences using who , that , where , when , why , whose . If it is possible leave out who or that , write（who）or（that）in brackets .
1. John Murray is the man ___________ owns the Grand Hotel .
2. The man _________ we spoke to wasn’t very nice .
3. This is the sweater _________ I bought on Saturday .
4. What is the name of the company ___________ you work for ?
5. A bilingual person is someone _____ can speak two languages equally well .
6. Who’s that boy ____________ Sally is dancing with ?
7. Are these all the letters __________ came in this morning’s post ?
8. She’s the woman _________ husband teaches at Annie’s school .
9. Have you found the money ________ you lost ?
10. The people _________ used to live in that house have moved .
11. They are the couple ___________ children were injured in the accident .
12. I don’t like films _________ are very violent .
13. That is the church ___________ Ken and Kate were married .
14. Did you tell the reason ________ they wanted you to do that ?
15. What’s the name of the restaurant _________ you had lunch ?
16. I can’t remember a time ___________ there was no television .
17. Is that the hospital _________ you had your operation ?
18. I don’t understand the reason _________ he was late .
19. Do you remember that time ________ your car broke down on the motorway ?
20. I’m the person _________ mother phoned the police .
二. Choose the correct answer :
1. The award for the Most Valuable Player was won by a player ________ the coaches and the whole team respect .
A. whose B. whom C. which D. what
2. Our office needs a secretary ____________ knows how to use various word processing programs .
A. who B. whom C. which D. he
3. The person _________ was asked to advise us never really understood our situation .
A. who’s B. whom C. which D. that
4. The check ________ I gave to Oliver was for work he’d done for me .
A. who’s B. whom C. which D. it
5. The severe drought __________ occurred last summer ruined the corn crop .
A. that it B. which it C. it D. that
6. The new shopping center is big . It’s advertised as a place _____ you find just about anything you might want to buy .
A. where B. which C. in where D. in that
7. Is this the address to _________ you want the package sent ?
A. where B. that C. which D. whom
8. Ann quit her job at the advertising agency _________ surprised everyone .
A. which B. that C. who D. that it
9. Do you have the book ________ the teacher ?
A. that it belongs to B. to which belongs to C. to which belongs D. that belongs to
10. “Do you remember Mrs. Goddard , ________ taught us English ?”
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
11. I have three brothers , ________ are businessmen .
A. that all of them B. who they all C. all of them D. who all of them
12. Friends are people _________ close to us .
A. who is B. who are C. which is D. which are
13. “Why do you get up at 4:00 A. M. ?”
“Because it’s the only time _________ without being interrupted .”
A. when I can work on my book . B. when I can work on my book at
C. when I can work on my book then D. at when I can work on my book
14. The movie __________ last night was terrific .
A. I went B. I went to it C. I went to D. that I went
15. I had to drive to the factory to pick up my brother , ________ car wouldn’t start .
A. who his B. who C. who’s D. whose
16. “My writing has improved a lot in this class . ”
“Mine has , too all the students ________ do well in writing .”
A. whom Mr. Davis teachers them B. which Mr. Davis teaches them
C. that Mr. Davis teaches them D. Mr. Davis teaches
17. “Have you seen the place _______ the meeting will be held ?”
“Yes , It’s big enough to hold 5000 people .”
A. in that B. where C. is where that D. which
18. “How’s your class this term ?”
“Great . I have seventeen students , most of _________ speak English very well .”
A. who B. those C. whom D which
19. “How did you enjoy your dinner with Mr. Jackson ?”
“It was boring . He talked only about himself , ________ almost put us to sleep .”
A. which B. that C. who D. that he
20. “Excuse me , but there is something about _________ immediately .”“Certainly .”
A. which I must speak to you . B. which I must speak to about it
C. that I must speak to you about D. that I must speak to you
　

答案：
笔试部分：
一. 1. who 2.（who） 3.（that） 4.（that） 5. who 6.（who）
7. that 8. whose 9.（that） 10. who 11. whose 12. that
13. where 14. why / that 15. where 16. when 17. where
18. why / that 19. when 20. whose
二. 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. A
11. C 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. D 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. A
　

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